Os exercicios nos livros didáticos de geografia no Brasil: mudanças e permanêncis (1880-1930)

Abstract

The present work is an attempt of analysing the birth and the transformations of the exercises founded in the Geography books published in Brazil.This work analysed what changed and what remained in the teaching of Geography throught exercises founded in the didactic books of the SecondarySchool in the period between 1880 till the decade of 1930.The first date corresponds to a period of enlargement of the number of publications of the Brazilian didactic books written by Brazilians and the last corresponds to the organization of a new educational project marked by the institutionalization of a French orientation in the studies of Geography, in which Delgado de Carvalho and Raja Gabaglia propose changes that broke with the traditional methodological approach of that period.This work was based in the exercises founded in the didactic books used in the Secondary School based in the analysis of the books: Methodologia do ensino geográfico by Delgado de Carvalho(1925) and Práticas de geografia by Raja Gabaglia published in the decade of the twenties in the twentieth century.We tried to learn the influence exerted by some knowledges in the process of inserting exercises in these textbooks, as well as the way exercises express such knowledges in the didactic books of that period. In this perspective, this work attempts to make a historical reflection about the methodologies applied to the teachings of Geography at school and tries to learn the importance of the didactic books to that subject. In our analysis we tried to understand which intentions and pedagogic interests were reflected in the elaboration of the exercises. In order to make this discussion, we began making some questionings and indagations. For which groups the exercises were thought? Why do books bring exercises? What is the relationship with the ideals of the New School? And why is this new method recommended to the didactic books? Therefore, the present work also makes a discussion about the approaches that were given to the Geography didactic books in the Secondary School, trying to understand their aims and objectives in learning and also these exercises show important strategies in order to understand the importance of Geography in the context of school and its relationship with the political, economic and cultural speeches, among others, disseminated in the period that was studied.